"{'Sick birds should be isolated and provided with food and water. Supportive therapy with antibiotics and vitamins has been helpful in some cases. Birds that live through 48 hours of illness usually recover ', 'The vaccine must be of the same serotype as the field strain to generate protective immunity. In general, live vaccines are used in young animals either by spray or drinking water applications.', 'use of any licensed AI vaccine for H1-4, H6, and H8-16 hemagglutinin subtypes requires approval of the state veterinarian. In addition, use of H5 and H7 AI vaccines in the USA requires declaration of an emergency and approval by the Secretary of the USDA.The antiviral drug baloxavir is a polymerase acidic endonuclease inhibitor that is indicated for treatment of patients ≥ 12 years of age with acute uncomplicated influenza who have been symptomatic for ≤ 48 hours.', 'Providing chickens multi-strain probiotics may help improve intestinal health while attenuating inflammatory reaction, clinical signs and mortality.Fowl cholera can be treated with sulfonamides and antibiotics.Prevention.', 'Freedom from infection and elimination of positive birds and flocks is key to control.management and biosecurity measures should be taken to reduce the introduction of S enterica Pullorum from feed, water, wild birds, rodents, insects, or people', 'Administering antibiotics for three to five days may aid in fighting off any secondary bacterial infections. For brooding chicks, it is helpful to raise the room temperature 5°F until symptoms go away', 'Control of Candida through drinking water is sometimes practised with chlorination (e.g. Chlorox, sodium hypochlorite) at 5 ppm. This is economical and effective. It should be repeated periodically. Take care to provide fresh clean feed and water, uncontaminated by fungi.Nystatin (100 ppm in feed) for 7-10 days, copper sulphate (1 kg/tonne feed) for 5 days, or copper sulphate 1gm/2 litre water for 3 days if approved locally.', 'Neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir) is the class of medication that has been shown to be effective in reducing bird flu-related deaths.The antiviral drug baloxavir is a polymerase acidic endonuclease inhibitor that is indicated for treatment of patients ≥ 12 years of age with acute uncomplicated influenza who have been symptomatic for ≤ 48 hours.', \"Proper handling of vaccine during thawing and reconstitution is crucial to ensure that adequate doses are administered. Cell-associated vaccines are generally more effective than cell-free vaccines, because they are neutralized less by maternal antibodies. Under typical conditions, vaccine efficacy is usually >90%. Since the advent of vaccination, losses from Marek's disease have been reduced dramatically in broiler and layer flocks. \", 'Freedom from infection and elimination of positive birds and flocks is key to control.Isolate the bird from the flock and place in a safe, comfortable, warm location (your own chicken \"intensive care unit\") with easy access to water and food. Limit stress.', 'Antibiotics such as sulfadimethoxine, tetracyclines, erythromycin, or penicillin will usually decrease mortality in a flock. A live vaccine will give more widespread protection than the individual inactivated types\\nOxytetracycline - 5 mg/kg SC, IM q12-24h or 2500 mg/L drinking water and 2500 mg/kg feed. Must be given simultaneously in both feed and water to be effective. Do not use outdated medication, because it becomes nephrotoxic. Do not give at the same time as giving products or food containing Al, Ca, Mg, or Fe as it will reduce or alter absorption of the drug.\\nNorfloxacin - 8-10 mg/kg PO q24h or 100 mg/L drinking water for 5 days. Not approved by the FDA for use in food-producing birds.\\nTylosin - 15-30 mg/kg IM q6-12h', 'Animals with osteomalacia should be confined for several weeks after initiation of the supplemental diet. Response to therapy is rapid; within 1 week the animals become more active, and their attitude improves. Jumping or climbing must be prevented, because the skeleton is still susceptible to fractures. Restrictions can be lessened after 3 weeks, but confinement with limited movement is indicated until the skeleton returns to normal (response to treatment should be monitored radiographically). Complete recovery can be achieved within months in animals with no or only minor limb and joint deformities.Can actually reverse the effects quickly, however because it pulls the calcium out of the bloodstream, the bird must first be given calcium and vitamin D3. This drug can be fatal if it is given incorrectly and therefore should only be administered by a vet who has had prior experience using the drug before.', 'The H7N9 and H5N1 viruses are resistant to the earlier antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine; resistance or reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir has also been reported.Remove standing water. Reduce food sources. ', 'The ability of the virus to infect cells has been destroyed by treatment with a chemical, radiation or heat. These vaccines invoke only a circulating antibody response.These vaccines are made with virus that is alive and able to infect cells. Strains of virus of low or moderate virulence are used. They mimic natural infection and induce all three immune responses.', 'Control environmental temperature, litter moisture, humidity and air quality to prevent excessive body heat loss and to maintain bird health. Monitor sodium levels in feed and water to prevent salt intoxication. Altitudes above 900 m are inadequate for meat-type chickens, and growth must be slowed to prevent mortality', 'USDA-licensed commercially produced bacterins are available, and bacterins also are produced within states for intrastate use. Bacterins/vaccines also are produced in many other countries. Because serovars A, B, and C are not cross-protective, it is essential that bacterins contain the serovars present in the target population', 'vaccination with an attenuated vaccine of cell-culture origin in the first few weeks of life and revaccination at 12–16 weeks is often sufficient.Providing antibiotics in the drinking water to prevent secondary infection in sick birds, in particular in birds affected by the wet form of the disease.Treating drinking water with iodine at a rate of 1 teaspoon of 1 % iodine solution per 4 litres of drinking water can also promote recovery, in particular from the wet form of the disease', 'Used vaccines are attenuated fowlpox virus and pigeonpox virus isolates of high immunogenicity and low pathogenicity.Providing antibiotics in the drinking water to prevent secondary infection in sick birds, in particular in birds affected by the wet form of the disease', 'Amoxycillin, potentiated sulponamide, tetracylines, fluoroquinolones\\nFermenting - feed Helps chickens become less susceptible to Salmonella infection.\\nProbiotics and prebiotics - Added to diet\\nThyme (Thymus vulgari) extract - 5 mg dried extract/mL (0.5% TVAE),\\nTumeric (Curcuma longa) - 0.1% in the feed\\nAshwagandha (Withania somnifera) - 0.5% of diet', 'Control, affected birds should be culled or isolated, and houses should be cleaned and sprayed frequently, as recommended for the poultry red mite. Individual birds should be treated with oral or topical ivermectin or moxidectin (0.2 mg/kg), 10% sulphur solution, or 0.5% sodium fluoride.Pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, citrus extracts, vegetable oil and mineral-based products (both liquid sand dusts) have been used to control red mites in the environment. For northern fowl mite it is essential to apply approved insecticides to the affected birds', 'Grossly contaminated or cracked eggs should not be set for incubation because they enable bacterial and fungal growth. Contaminated surfaces may be sprayed or fumigated with enilconazole or other fungicidal disinfectant following the label directions', 'Treatment method for small flocks or individual birds is the use of a dusting bath with Sevin®. Place the bird into a garbage bag containing the medicated powder with the birds’ head out and rotate/shake the bag to completely cover the bird with powder. Be sure not to inhale the medicated powder during treatments. The use of a facial mask is recommended to prevent inhaling this medicated powder', 'Stop any antibiotic treatment, Treat with anti-fungal Nystatin for 5 days, Add a probiotic supplement to feed,Add copper sulphate to water', 'Mitigation strategies can include: 1) removing the birds from the contaminated environment; 2) removal of contaminated material(s) to limit further exposure; 3) trying not to disturb the contaminated material(s) in order to limit further aerosolization of spores; and 4) increased ventilation or air exchange rates to possibly minimize the severity of the outbreak. Strict adherence to cleaning and disinfection procedures for any contaminated environment (eg, hatchery, barn, etc.) will minimize the risk of future outbreaks', 'Passive immunity may protect against challenge with homologous IBDV, as does previous infection with homologous avirulent strains. Breeder flocks may be immunised against IBD so that they would transfer protective antibodies to their progenies, such as broiler and pullet chicks. Low-attenuated vaccine strains may cause damage to the bursa of Fabricius and immunosuppression in susceptible chicks. Biosecurity with adequate restriction to farm visitation and distancing from other flocks. Post outbreak hygiene measures may not be effective as the virus can survive for long periods in both housing and water', 'Antibiotics such as bacitracin, penicillin or lincomycin can be used to treat the necrotic enteritis, but it is often impossible to effectively use antibiotics since the disease progresses so rapidly and the toxins involved produce irreversible intestinal damage.Treatment for necrotic enteritis is most commonly administered in the drinking water, with bacitracin (200–400 mg/gal. for 5–7 days), penicillin (1,500,000 u/gal. for 5 days), and lincomycin (64 mg/gal. for 7 days) most often used. In each case, the medicated drinking water should be the sole source of water.', 'Pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, citrus extracts, vegetable oil and mineral-based products (both liquid sand dusts) have been used to control red mites in the environment. For northern fowl mite it is essential to apply approved insecticides to the affected birds', \"Bivalent vaccines consisting of HVT and either the SB-1 or 301B/1 strains of Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3 have been used to provide additional protection against challenge with virulent Marek's disease virus isolates. The most protective commercial vaccine currently available appears to be CVI988/Rispens, an attenuated Marek's disease virus strain that is also commonly mixed with HVT at vaccination.\\nTurkey herpesvirus (HVT, naturally avirulent Meleagrid alphaherpesvirus 1)\\nSB-1 or 301B/1 (naturally avirulent Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3)\\nCVI988/Rispens (attenuated Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2)\", 'Amprolium is commonly used – it’s a liquid that is administered by adding it to the hens’ water supply. However, if your hens are quite sick they may need to take it orally as it’s likely they’re not drinking enough to take in the treatment.And also need to provide your chickens with a vitamin B supplement following treatment – but don’t give them this during treatment as you might render it ineffective', 'Vitamin D3 plays a critical role in regulating the absorption and metabolism of calcium. Therefore, in addition to ensuring that poultry diets have an appropriate level and balance of calcium and phosphorous, they must be adequate in vitamin D3. Bone mineralisation is a constant process and therefore correction of dietary deficiencies or imbalances can ease the condition if identified early enough', 'Most strains of M gallisepticum are sensitive to a number of broad-spectrum antibiotics, including tylosin, tetracyclines, and others but not to penicillins or those that act on the cell wall. Tylosin or tetracyclines have been commonly used to reduce egg transmission or as prophylactic treatment to prevent respiratory disease in broilers', 'Sanitation and cleanliness are the keys to lice and mite control. Sanitation includes cleaning and disinfecting housing facilities and equipment between flocks. Moreover, reducing people traffic through housing facilities is recommended. Eliminating the contact between flocks and wild birds can reduce the potential transfer of external parasites', 'virus is very stable in the environment, strict cleaning, disinfection, pest control and adequate downtime after depopulating a contaminated farm is key to reduce the risk of recurrent outbreaks.Control is based in passive protection of young chicks (MDA protecting chicks from early infection) and active immunization by vaccinatio', 'Avoid excessive use of antibiotics and other stressors. Ensure good hygiene, proprionic acid, sodium or calcium proprionate at 1 kg per tonne continually. A finely divided powder of copper sulphate (where approved) at 200gm/tonne continually or to 14-16 weeks in replacement pullets', 'Laying chickens free of M gallisepticum are desirable, but infection in commercial multiple-age egg farms where depopulation is not feasible is a problem. Inactivated, oil-emulsion bacterins are available and help prevent egg production losses but not infection. Three live vaccines (F-strain, ts-11, and 6/85) have been licensed in the USA for use during the growing phase to provide some protection during lay and may be used in some areas with permission of the State Veterinarian. F-strain is of low virulence in chickens but is fully virulent for turkeys. Vaccinated chickens remain carriers of F-strain, and immunity lasts through the laying season. Vaccine strains ts-11 and 6/85 are less virulent, offer the advantage of improved safety for nontarget birds, and are widely used in commercial layers. A commercial recombinant fowlpox–M gallisepticum vaccine has been marketed', 'Grossly contaminated or cracked eggs should not be set for incubation because they enable bacterial and fungal growth. Affected eggs may explode and disseminate spores throughout the hatching machine. The use of moldy bedding or ranges should be avoided to prevent outbreaks. Contaminated surfaces may be sprayed or fumigated with enilconazole or other fungicidal disinfectant following the label directions', 'Treatment of pullorum disease is not feasible. Recovered birds have a tendency to become carriers of the bacteria. It is best to depopulate a flock that tests positive for Salmonella pullorum', 'Maternal antibody during early brooding of chicks in broiler flocks (and in some commercial layer operations) can minimize early infection, subsequent immunosuppression, or both. Breeder flocks should be vaccinated one or more times during the growing period, first with a live vaccine and again just before egg production with an oil-adjuvanted, inactivated vaccine. Inactivated vaccines of chicken embryo, bursa, or cell-culture origin are available. The latter vaccines induce higher, more uniform, and more persistent levels of antibody than do live vaccines. The immune status of breeder flocks should be monitored periodically with a quantitative serologic test such as virus neutralization or ELISA. If antibody levels decrease, hens should be revaccinated to maintain adequate immunity in the progeny', 'Clean and disinfect the hatchery on a regular basis. Commercial preparations of enilconazole have been used successfully to disinfect hatcheries and poultry farms. Develop a plan to monitor the presence of Aspergillus in the hatchery. Use clean, mold-free litter and feed.', 'Good management, biosecurity, and sanitation and housing birds on wire or concrete floors, or intensive re-littering for floor-housed birds, can reduce the level of infection. Rigorous disinfection of contaminated farms after depopulation has achieved limited success. Live vaccines of chicken embryo or cell-culture origin and of varying low pathogenicity can be administered by eye drop, drinking water, or SC routes at 1–21 days of age.', 'Formalin-inactivated EEE virus vaccines, prepared for use in horses, have been used to protect pheasants against EEE, although their efficacy has been questioned. One-tenth the equine dose of either an eastern or bivalent eastern and western vaccine is injected into the pectoral muscle, preferably at 5–6 wk of age or when birds are released from the brooder hous', 'Replacement chickens should be raised on the same farm or obtained from clean flocks. If replacement pullets are to be placed on a farm that has a history of infectious coryza, bacterins/vaccines are available to help prevent and control the disease', 'Early treatment is important, immediate administration of medication via drinking water is recommended until medicated feed is available. Erythromycin and oxytetracycline are usually effective. Additionally, several newer-generation antimicrobials (eg, fluoroquinolones, macrolides) are active against infectious coryza. Various sulfonamides, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and other drug combinations have been successful for treatment.', 'If one has coccidiosis, whole flock must be treated. Isolate sick hens from the rest of the flock and immediately make sure you clean out their coop, checking to ensure their living space and feeding areas are clean and dry', 'Mitigation strategies can include: 1) removing the birds from the contaminated environment; 2) removal of contaminated material(s) to limit further exposure; 3) trying not to disturb the contaminated material(s) in order to limit further aerosolization of spores; and 4) increased ventilation or air exchange rates to possibly minimize the severity and Strict adherence to cleaning and disinfection procedures for any contaminated environment ', 'The most commonly used live vaccines worldwide contain derivatives of the Massachusetts strain (Mass41, H120 and H52). In addition, there are a number of different IBV vaccine types licensed for use in various countries as well as live and killed autogenous vaccines specific for the variant virus in the region.', 'These vaccines are made with virus that is alive and able to infect cells. Strains of virus of low or moderate virulence are used. They mimic natural infection and induce all three immune responses.', \"Prevent chickens' exposure to temperature extremes that may bring on cold or heat stress in birds: A significant increase in the pH and C. perfringens counts were observed in chickens challenged by cold stress. Properly store all poultry feeds and inspect on a daily basis. Don't stock high densities of birds together in the same environment\", 'Even brief exposure to cold stress during the first weeks of life is known to predispose flocks to this condition. Ascites caused by other factors (eg, sodium, lung damage, liver damage, etc) can be prevented by avoiding the etiologic agents involved. Altitudes >3,000 ft (900 m) are unsatisfactory for meat-type chickens, and growth must be slowed to prevent mortality. More care to prevent chilling is also necessary at higher altitudes. Research has demonstrated that broilers can be genetically selected for both resistance and susceptibility to pulmonary hypertension syndrome and associated ascites', 'EEE, WEE, and HJ virus infection and Israel turkey meningoencephalitis are best prevented by measures aimed at reducing vector populations. Such measures include reduction of vector habitats by modifying the environment or by chemical spraying.', 'Used velogenic strains are used in the production of live vaccines\\nF - Lentogenic. Usually used in young chickens but suitable for use as a vaccine in chickens of all ages.\\nB1 - Lentogenic. Slightly more virulent than F, used as a vaccine in chickens of all ages.\\nLa Sota - Lentogenic. Often causes post vaccination respiratory signs, used as a booster vaccine in flocks vaccinated with F or B1.\\nV4 - Avirulent. Used in chickens of all ages.\\nV4-HR - Avirulent. Heat Resistant V4, thermostable, used in chickens of all ages.\\nI-2 - Avirulent. Thermostable, used in chickens of all ages.\\nMukteswar - Mesogenic. An invasive strain, used as a booster vaccine. Can cause adverse reactions (respiratory distress, loss of weight or drop in egg production and even death) if used in partially immune chickens. Usually administered by injection.\\nKomarov - Mesogenic. Less pathogenic than Mukteswar, used as booster vaccine. Usually administered by injection.', 'Relies on good biosecurity practices, with good sanitation and rodent control and separation of birds by age with thorough cleanout between flocks.Isolate the bird from the flock and place in a safe, comfortable, warm location (your own chicken \"intensive care unit\") with easy access to water and food. Limit stress.', 'Replication of these vaccines and thus the immune response can be altered by maternal antibody, although the more virulent vaccine strains can override higher levels of maternal antibody. Vectored vaccines that express the IBDV VP2 protein in herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) can be used in ovo or at hatch. These HVT-IBD vaccines are not affected by maternal antibodies. Vaccines that use live-attenuated viruses bound to antibodies (immune-complex vaccines) are also available for in ovo or at hatch administration', 'In layers, induced moulting will restore egg production after an episode of EDS infection. The prevention of horizontal spread relies on good biosecurity and washing and disinfecting plastic egg trays before use can control the endemic form. The sporadic form can be prevented by ensuring that chicken flocks do not come into contact with other birds, especially waterfowl. As such, potentially contaminated water should be chlorinated before use and general sanitary precautions should always be followed. There are vaccines available to prevent infection, and if appropriately produced and administered, these inactivated vaccines can prevent clinical disease but will not prevent virus shedding.', 'Prevention is based largely on obtaining chicks or poults from M gallisepticum-free breeder flocks. Eradication of M gallisepticum from chicken and turkey commercial breeding stock is well advanced in the USA because of control programs coordinated by the National Poultry Improvement Plan. The most effective control program is to establish M gallisepticum-free breeder flocks, managed and maintained under good biosecurity to prevent introductions, and monitored regularly with serology to continually confirm infection-free status. In valuable breeding stock, treatment of eggs with antibiotics or heat has been used to eliminate egg transmission to progeny', 'Reducing the birds’ metabolic oxygen requirement by slowing growth or reducing feed density or availability can prevent ascites caused by pulmonary hypertension syndrome. Environmental temperature, humidity, and air movement should be controlled to prevent excessive loss of body heat, particularly in the early neonatal period.', 'Treatment of infected flocks will not alleviate the perpetuation of the carrier state and is never recommended. Control is based on routine serologic testing of breeding stock to assure freedom from infection. In addition, management and biosecurity measures should be taken to reduce the introduction of S enterica Pullorum from feed, water, wild birds, rodents, insects, or people. Birds should be purchased from sources free of S enterica Pullorum. The NPIP outlines the essential components for eradication of S enterica Pullorum', 'Control is based on routine serologic testing of breeding stock to assure freedom from infection. In addition, management and biosecurity measures should be taken to reduce the introduction of S enterica Pullorum from feed, water, wild birds, rodents, insects, or people. Birds should be purchased from sources free of S enterica Pullorum. The NPIP outlines the essential components for eradication of S enterica Pullorum\\nFermenting - feed Helps chickens become less susceptible to Salmonella infection.\\nProbiotics and prebiotics - Added to diet\\nThyme (Thymus vulgari) extract - 5 mg dried extract/mL (0.5% TVAE),\\nTumeric (Curcuma longa) - 0.1% in the feed\\nAshwagandha (Withania somnifera) - 0.5% of diet', 'Controlled by injection of exposed birds with 0.5–1 mL of antiserum obtained from recovered flocks. It is presumed that a similar approach may be effective for pheasants. Due to high labor costs, this is rarely used', 'Sulphonamides, Amprolium & Toltrazuril drugs can be used in the drinking water, No need to destroy infected birds.If the environment that your chickens are kept in is wet, humid, and warm you may need a second dose of treatment to ensure it’s completely eradicated.And also need to provide your chickens with a vitamin B supplement following treatment – but don’t give them this during treatment as you might render it ineffectivelium is available as a premix and is given prophylactically to birds in a final concentration of 0.0125 percent. In combination with 2 other drugs, it is given at a level of 0.006% of each in the food with better effectiveness', 'Especially E acervulina and E maxima infections, as well as changes in the intestinal microflora that would promote its growth. This has traditionally been accomplished by adding antibiotics in the feed such as virginiamycin (20 g/ton feed), bacitracin (50 g/ton feed), and lincomycin (2 g/ton feed), as well as ionophore-class anticoccidial treatments. The move to antibiotic-free feeds has also been associated with markedly increased use of coccidiosis vaccines, resulting in early circulation of mixed Eimeria infections that are associated with the resurgence in incidence of necrotic enteritis. Avoiding drastic changes in feed and minimizing the level of fishmeal, wheat, barley, or rye in the diet can also help prevent necrotic enteritis.', 'Treating dry form lesions with Vetericyn, iodine or another antiseptic to prevent infection and promote healing.Treating drinking water with iodine at a rate of 1 teaspoon of 1 % iodine solution per 4 litres of drinking water can also promote recovery, in particular from the wet form of the disease', \"Revention methods include vaccination, biosecurity, and genetic resistance Vaccination is the central strategy for the prevention and control of Marek's disease, along with strict sanitation to reduce or delay exposure and by breeding for genetic resistance.\", 'Feed laying hens a properly balanced laying or breeding feed. Provide free access to large-particle oyster shell or limestone granules. Allow hens plenty of exercise outdoors.', 'Extra-label use of ivermectin has proven an effective method of control for the northern fowl mite. Like other products, it appears to work best when at least two treatments are made a few days apart.', 'Severe lice or mite infestations can be treated initially with a kitten strength dose of a pyrethrin-based medicated spray on the birds to reduce the initial numbers. If problems persist, contact a veterinarian for treatment with such medications as Ivermectin®. Prevention is the best method of treatment. For poultry used in exhibition or for new poultry entering the flock, a minimum quarantine period of two weeks is recommended. During this time, birds should be physically examined and treated if necessary'}\n",
